The biology and function of exosomes in cancer.

外泌体在癌症中的生物功能。

Indeed, donor cells can re-uptake their secreted exosomes.

事实上，供体细胞可再吸收它们自身分泌的外泌体。

However, TYRP2 concentrations in exosomes did not differ between these three groups.

然而，三组人群血清胞外体中TYRP2的浓度没有无差异。

It is intriguing how the recipient cells uptake exosomes and how recipient cells are chosen.

受体细胞是如何摄取外泌体的并且受体细胞是如何被选择的是件有趣的事情。

The main challenges of using exosomes in cancer diagnosis are 1) sensitivity and specificity.

使用外泌体诊断癌症的主要挑战是：1）灵敏度和特异性。

However, currently only a few clinical trials using exosomes in cancer therapy are implemented.

然而，在癌症治疗的应用上，外泌体目前仅有少数临床试验实施。

Future studies should clarify the complex mechanism of exosomes for more efficacious clinical trials.

未来的研究应该明确外泌体的复杂机制以更有效地用于临床试验。

A considerable amount of exosomes was detected in PD mouse brain following intranasal administration.

在鼻腔给药后在小鼠的大脑中检测到了大量的外泌体。

Therefore, exosomes emerge as favorable candidate carriers for therapeutics of cancer and other diseases.

因此，外泌体是一种很好的可用于癌症和其他疾病的治疗候选载体。

Dendritic cell-derived exosomes can induce anti-tumor immunity and have been used in clinical trials [3-5].

树突状细胞来源的外泌体可诱导抗肿瘤免疫并且已被应用于临床试验鹪[3 - 5]。

Abstract : Exosomes are nanosized membrane particles secreted by cells that transmit information from cell to cell.

摘要 ： 外泌体是细胞分泌的纳米级膜微粒，能在细胞与细胞之间传递信息。

Exosomes are actively secreted microvesicles, whose characteristics reflect those of the cell they are originated in.

胞外体是一种主动分泌的微囊泡，他的特征反映其起源于何种细胞。

Exosomes, therefore, may be in possession of CTL effect, immune regulation, inducing apoptosis immune enduring and so on.

因此，外来体可能具有细胞毒性效应、免疫调节、诱导凋亡和免疫耐受诱导等作用。

Exosomes could target specific cell types or tissues so exosome delivery may improve efficacy and reduce off-target effects.

外泌体可以靶向特定的细胞类型或组织，这样的外泌体输送可能会提高疗效，减少脱靶效应。

In summary, we can be optimistic about using exosomes as a new venue for cancer therapy despite of the technical challenges.

综上所述，尽管技术方面尚有挑战，但我们仍然可以乐观地将外泌体作为癌症治疗的新阵地。

Synthetic target ligand expression on the surface of exosomes can further improve their cell or tissue targeting specificity.

使外泌体表面携带靶向性配体可以进一步提高它们的细胞或组织靶向特异性。

Cancer cells, fibroblast cells, immune cells, astrocytes and other cells have all been reported to release or uptake exosomes [7-9].

肿瘤细胞，成纤维细胞，免疫细胞，星形胶质细胞和其它细胞都被报道可以释放或摄取外泌体[7 - 9]。

Therefore, we should thoroughly understand the complexity of exosome biology before widely implementing exosomes in clinical trials.

因此，在临床试验中广泛推行外泌体之前，我们应当彻底了解外泌体的生物复杂性。

For example exosomes produced by pancreatic tumor cell lines had an autocrine effect on themselves shown by in vitro experiments [10].

例如，在体外实验中，由胰腺肿瘤细胞系产生的外泌体具有自分泌作用可作用于自身身[10]。

Exosomes are comprised of natural lipid bilayers with the abundance of adhesive proteins that readily interact with cellular membranes.

外泌体具有磷脂双分子层结构，膜上具有很多蛋白成分，可与细胞膜相互作用。

It is conceivable that the ability of up-taking exosomes by host cells themselves or by recipient cells depends on cellular context, and physiological status.

可以想到宿主细胞本身或受体细胞获取外泌体的能力取决于细胞环境和生理状态。

Those exosomes from host cells can serve as external stimuli for recipient cells and change recipient cell signaling as well as the microenvironment around host cells.

宿主细胞分泌的那些外泌体可作为受体细胞的外界刺激，并改变受体细胞信号传导以及宿主细胞周围的微环境。

Exosomes released by dendritic cells are enriched in antigen-presenting molecules, they are stable in physical properties, easy to preserve, and can be manufactured rapidly.

树突状细胞释放的外体表面有大量的抗原呈递分子，而且性质稳定，易保存，可快速批量生产。

Although GPC1 as a biomarker of pancreatic cancer need to be validated in larger patient cohorts, this finding exemplifies the power of utilizing exosomes for cancer diagnose.

虽然GPC1作为胰腺癌诊断的生物标志物仍需要在更大的患者群进行验证，但这一发现展示了外泌体诊断癌症的强大力量。

Catalase was loaded into exosomes ex vivo using different methods: the incubation at room temperature, permeabilization with saponin, freeze-thaw cycles, sonication, or extrusion.

使用不同的方法将过氧化氢酶在体外载入外泌体：室温孵育、皂素透化、反复冻融、超声或者挤压。

So, researchers have focused their eyes on some new vaccines. Exosomes are vesicles secrected by different kinds of cells, such as B lymphocytes, tumor cells as well as mast cells.

目前已经开发了很多基于树突状细胞的肿瘤疫苗，然而抗肿瘤效果受到实际操作中许多因素的影响，因此研究人员将目光投向新的疫苗制剂。

Thirdly, considering cancer-cell derived exosome can modify pre-metastasis niches [6], depleting these exosomes from circulation system is a possible option for blocking cancer metastasis.

第三，由于肿瘤细胞来源的外泌体可修饰转移前微环境 境[6]，从循环系统中去除这些外泌体可能可以阻止癌症的转移。

Although exosome biomarkers for diagnosis or prognosis seem to be on the fast track for translational application, both cancer diagnosis and therapy based by exosomes have bright perspectives.

虽然外泌体作为生物标志物用于诊断或预后在转化应用上推进很快，但基于外泌体的癌症诊断和治疗两方面都有很好的前景。

The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the presence of the melanoma biomarkers MIA, S100B and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2) in exosomes and their potential clinical utility.

本研究的目的是确定和评估胞外体中黑色素瘤标志物的存在，包括MIA, S100B和酪氨酸酶相关蛋白2 (Tyrp2)等，及胞外体中的这些标记物的潜在临床应用价值。