Gluons are particles that "glue" quarks together using the so-called strong force.

胶子是通过所谓的强力把夸克粘到一起的粒子群。

We shall see later that gluons are essential to the dynamics of the quarks inside the proton.

后面将会看到，胶子对于质子内夸克的动力学机制来说是必需的。

The quarks and gluons slowed down so much that some of them could begin sticking together briefly.

夸克与胶子的速度越来越慢，于是有些粒子开始能短暂地黏聚在一起。

The quarks and gluons indeed break out of confinement and behave collectively, if only fleetingly.

夸克与胶子确实打破牢笼而表现出集体行为，虽然这种状态转瞬即逝。

This indicates that the conclusion on gluon jets being "fatter" than quark jets is valid only for hard gluons.

这表明，只是对于较硬的胶子，胶子喷注比夸克喷注“胖”的结论才能成立。

Under such conditions atomic nuclei "evaporate" into a plasma of even smaller particles called quarks and gluons.

在这种情况下，原子核将会蒸发成等离子体，甚至是更小的粒子，比如夸克和胶子。

Quarks and gluons were only able to condense into larger particles when universal energy conditions were low enough.

夸克和胶子只有在宇宙能量环境足够低时才能凝聚成较大的微粒。

The heat from the Big Bang literally melted the nuclear matter of atoms, releasing the particles inside (like gluons and quarks).

大爆炸产生的热量逐个地熔化了原子的核物质，释放出了原子内部的粒子(比如胶子和夸克)。

Then there are neutrinos, W and Z bosons, the electron-like muon and tau particles, and gluons—which hold quarks together in groups.

然后还有中微子，W和Z波色子，类电子的μ粒子和τ粒子，还有胶子——它的作用是将夸克聚合成团。

We obtain the distribution functions for quarks(and anti-quarks)and gluons under perturbation of the fluctuation of the color field.

的夸克和反夸克在色场涨落扰动下偏离平衡较远。

They are gluons, multi-quarks and gluon-quarks bound states respectively. In this thesis, we discuss the properties of these New Hadrons.

胶球、多夸克态和混杂子是三种可能的新强子构造，它们分别是胶子、多夸克以及夸克与胶子的束缚态。

But in its infancy, just microseconds after the Big Bang, the universe was so hot and dense these quarks and gluons existed freely and unbound.

但是在它的初始阶段，就是宇宙大爆炸后仅一微妙，宇宙是如此之热，致使夸克和胶子那时的存在是自由的和不受约束的。

A better agreement with the experimental data is obtained when it accounted for the contributions of anomalous gluons and orbital Angle momentum.

同时把胶子的反常贡献和轨道角动量的贡献都考虑在内，计算结果与实验数据符合很好。

According to modern particle and nuclear physics, most of the ground state baryon masses come from the strong interaction between quarks and gluons.

现代粒子物理与原子核物理研究指出，基态重子质量的绝大部分来自强相互作用。

With the contribution of sea quarks, the generating functional of pure gluons is derived, which providing the theoretical basis for gluon-ball studies.

在计算上可利用路径积分技术来处理海夸克的贡献，我们导出了纯胶子（物理胶子）生成泛函，为胶子球物理的研究提供了理论基础。

One of the fundamental building blocks of matter, called quarks, are bound together by gluons to form 'composite' subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons.

夸克是这种物质的最基本构造块之一，它被胶子束缚在一起形成亚原子粒子“混合物”，如质子和中子。

The physics of the relationship between color-carrying quarks, especially the nature of their strong interaction, which is characterized by the exchange of gluons.

色动力学带色夸克之间联系的物理学，尤指其强烈相互作用的本质，是以胶子的交换为特征的。

But about 50 trillionths of a trillionth (5 10-23) of a second later, all the quarks, antiquarks and gluons recombine into hadrons that explode outward into the surrounding detectors.

但在兆兆分之50(5 10 - 23)秒后，所有的正反夸克与胶子就又重新结合为强子而向外爆发，进入周围的侦测器中。

The nuclei and their constituent protons and neutrons literally melt, and many more quarks, antiquarks (antimatter opposites of the quarks) and gluons are created from all the energy available.

在此原子核与其组成的质子与中子真的就融化了，而从所有可用的能量之中，创生出更多的夸克、反夸克(夸克的反物质)与胶子。